Bibliography:
Randall Davis. What are intelligence? and Why? 1996 AAAI Presidential Address, AI Magazine, 19(1), 1998.
Summary:
This article talks about intelligence as something that has evolved over time. It argues that it may be incorrect to look for minimalism and basic principles on the way intelligence works. Instead, intelligence is a product of evolution, just like humans are.
The author states that an common trait of an intellgent being is to be able to predict, respond to change, act intentionally with a goal in mind and reason. Reasoning by itself, can be viewed from multiple schools of thought. The logical view describes intelligence as something that can be precisely and concisely expressed by a formal logic system. The psychological view describes intelligence as a complex piece of human behavior, similar to human anatomy and physiology. The societal view argues that intelligence is a aggregated phenomena. The author claims that AI can be all of these views simultaneously. AI is an exploration of the 'design space of intelligences'.
The history of why intelligence came into being is very speculative and not well understand. This can be attributed to the lack of data. What we do know is that evolution has played a major role in modern day humans coming into being. The author describes evolution as a 'blind search' that sometimes works out. This has led to a lot of inefficiency in the anatomy, physiology and other traits of modern day beings. Similarly, our intelligence can also be thought of as something that has evolved over time, with some inefficiencies and quirks in design.
From evidence of fossils, what we do know is that our brain has become very big very fast. (explained using the encephalizatio quotient) We also know that the human brain is functionally lateralized, though it is anatomically symmetric. This assymmetry arose in hominids and is probably unique to them. But what led to this sudden lateralization is not clearly known. The author presents a bunch of theories to do with tool making, throwing, climate, socialize, food sources and language. In order to show that human intelligence has evolved, and parts of it can be seen in other animals, the author presents some form of rationalization and perceptual intelligence in animals such as birds, bees and primates.
The author finally presents a 'design space of intelligeneces' to explore for AI researchers - conceptualize 'thinking as reliving'. There are multiple examples which show that, human's solve a lot of problems by re-enacting and visually perceiving a situation in order to arrive at a solution. Also, another speculation is that there may be ways to combine the concreteness of reasoning with the power of abstract thinking.
Discussion:
This article presents a nice overview of the evolution of our modern day understanding of intelligence. The history of how intelligence came into being is very interesting to me. Particularly, the sudden lateralization of the brain, which is a form of asymmetry, not commonly seen in nature, is pretty cool. Also, the multiple views of intelligence, based on different schools of thought show that there is still a lot to explore.
The author shows human intelligence as something that evolved over time, by giving multiple instances of intelligence seen in other animals. If that is the case, there is no reason for us to think human intelligence as the ultimate form of intelligence. As we evolve, our intelligence can get 'better' in other ways, expanding the design space of intelligences.
Thinking of intelligence as 'reliving' our thoughts, makes me wonder if all the different views we have of intelligence, is just a result of us trying to relive what we know. The reason for so many views of intelligence is simply because of researchers reliving their experiences, in their respective areas. (like Mathematics, Psychology, Economics etc).
Randall Davis. What are intelligence? and Why? 1996 AAAI Presidential Address, AI Magazine, 19(1), 1998.
Summary:
This article talks about intelligence as something that has evolved over time. It argues that it may be incorrect to look for minimalism and basic principles on the way intelligence works. Instead, intelligence is a product of evolution, just like humans are.
The author states that an common trait of an intellgent being is to be able to predict, respond to change, act intentionally with a goal in mind and reason. Reasoning by itself, can be viewed from multiple schools of thought. The logical view describes intelligence as something that can be precisely and concisely expressed by a formal logic system. The psychological view describes intelligence as a complex piece of human behavior, similar to human anatomy and physiology. The societal view argues that intelligence is a aggregated phenomena. The author claims that AI can be all of these views simultaneously. AI is an exploration of the 'design space of intelligences'.
The history of why intelligence came into being is very speculative and not well understand. This can be attributed to the lack of data. What we do know is that evolution has played a major role in modern day humans coming into being. The author describes evolution as a 'blind search' that sometimes works out. This has led to a lot of inefficiency in the anatomy, physiology and other traits of modern day beings. Similarly, our intelligence can also be thought of as something that has evolved over time, with some inefficiencies and quirks in design.
From evidence of fossils, what we do know is that our brain has become very big very fast. (explained using the encephalizatio quotient) We also know that the human brain is functionally lateralized, though it is anatomically symmetric. This assymmetry arose in hominids and is probably unique to them. But what led to this sudden lateralization is not clearly known. The author presents a bunch of theories to do with tool making, throwing, climate, socialize, food sources and language. In order to show that human intelligence has evolved, and parts of it can be seen in other animals, the author presents some form of rationalization and perceptual intelligence in animals such as birds, bees and primates.
The author finally presents a 'design space of intelligeneces' to explore for AI researchers - conceptualize 'thinking as reliving'. There are multiple examples which show that, human's solve a lot of problems by re-enacting and visually perceiving a situation in order to arrive at a solution. Also, another speculation is that there may be ways to combine the concreteness of reasoning with the power of abstract thinking.
Discussion:
This article presents a nice overview of the evolution of our modern day understanding of intelligence. The history of how intelligence came into being is very interesting to me. Particularly, the sudden lateralization of the brain, which is a form of asymmetry, not commonly seen in nature, is pretty cool. Also, the multiple views of intelligence, based on different schools of thought show that there is still a lot to explore.
The author shows human intelligence as something that evolved over time, by giving multiple instances of intelligence seen in other animals. If that is the case, there is no reason for us to think human intelligence as the ultimate form of intelligence. As we evolve, our intelligence can get 'better' in other ways, expanding the design space of intelligences.
Thinking of intelligence as 'reliving' our thoughts, makes me wonder if all the different views we have of intelligence, is just a result of us trying to relive what we know. The reason for so many views of intelligence is simply because of researchers reliving their experiences, in their respective areas. (like Mathematics, Psychology, Economics etc).
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